Wisconsin's VPN Ban Bill: Why Digital Rights Advocates Call It a 'Spectacularly Bad Idea' [2025]

Wisconsin's VPN Ban Bill: A Technical and Legal Disaster in the Making

Wisconsin lawmakers are seriously considering legislation that would fundamentally break the internet for residents. This isn't hyperbole. The state's proposed age verification system doesn't just require websites to verify visitor ages—it attempts to ban Virtual Private Networks outright, something digital rights experts are calling impossible to enforce and deeply dangerous.

Here's the thing: Wisconsin isn't the first state to try this. But it might be the first to explicitly target VPNs, which are not inherently criminal tools. They're security infrastructure used by journalists, activists, corporate employees, and everyday people protecting their privacy.

The bill surfaced in February 2025 with minimal public awareness. But when digital rights organizations started analyzing the language, they realized what was happening. The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), one of the internet's most respected privacy advocates, didn't mince words: the VPN provisions are "spectacularly bad" and technically unworkable.

So what exactly is Wisconsin trying to do? What would happen if they succeed? And why should you care even if you don't live there?

What Wisconsin's Age Verification Proposal Actually Says

The bill attempts to address a legitimate concern: keeping adult content away from minors. That's reasonable policy territory. Most states wrestle with how to protect children online without creating surveillance dystopias.

But Wisconsin's approach goes sideways quickly. The legislation would require websites hosting "age-restricted materials"—pornography, gambling, certain chat services—to verify that visitors are actually adults before granting access.

So far, that's been tried before. Congress has debated similar federal approaches. Some states have proposed age verification mandates.

The Wisconsin bill diverges when it adds VPN blocking as an enforcement mechanism. The logic goes like this: if someone tries to access the site through a VPN—software that masks their location and IP address—the site would be required to block them. No VPN access allowed.

This sounds straightforward to policymakers who don't understand how the internet works. In reality, it's like trying to ban umbrella use by mandating that business doors refuse entry to wet people. The umbrella isn't the problem, the rain is. And you can't actually detect who's carrying an umbrella once they're inside.

The bill's language appears to require websites to actively detect and block VPN usage. Here's where it breaks down.

VPN blocking is highly challenging due to frequent IP rotation, traffic disguising, use of residential proxies, tunneling techniques, and shared infrastructure. Estimated data.

The Technical Reality: Why VPN Bans Don't Work

Virtual Private Networks are, fundamentally, encryption tools. When you connect to a VPN, your internet traffic gets wrapped in layers of security and routed through a remote server in another location. Your real IP address stays hidden.

From a website's perspective, they see the VPN server's IP address, not yours. They see you're connecting from, say, a server in Germany. They can't see whether you're actually in Wisconsin, Germany, or on the moon.

Detecting VPN usage requires websites to maintain lists of known VPN IP addresses and block traffic from those addresses. That's the theory. The practice? It's a cat-and-mouse game where the mice have nuclear weapons.

Here's why it fails:

VPN providers constantly change IP addresses. Major VPN companies rotate their IP ranges daily or even hourly. A website's blocklist becomes obsolete within hours. Maintaining an accurate list is technically impossible at scale.

Sophisticated VPNs disguise themselves. Newer VPN technologies look identical to regular traffic. They don't announce themselves. A website can't distinguish between encrypted VPN traffic and encrypted banking app traffic or regular HTTPS web browsing.

Residential proxies are indistinguishable from real users. VPN providers can route traffic through residential IP addresses—real, legitimate internet connections from regular homes. From a website's perspective, these look identical to non-VPN traffic. You can't block them without blocking thousands of legitimate users.

Users can tunnel within tunnels. VPN users can stack encryption layers, use VPN-over-VPN setups, or use proxy chains. Detecting the outermost layer doesn't detect the inner protection.

Legitimate services share infrastructure with VPNs. Corporate VPNs, remote work tools, cloud services, and content delivery networks all use similar infrastructure to VPN services. Blocking VPN IP ranges would accidentally block your employees accessing the company network from home, people using enterprise software, and regular internet users in data centers.

The EFF's concern isn't theoretical. They're pointing out that the bill attempts to mandate something technically impossible. It's like requiring that drinking fountains only dispense water to people born in Wisconsin—the law might sound precise, but there's no way to enforce it without breaking everything.

Why VPNs Exist: The Security and Privacy Reality

Before diving deeper into the bill's problems, it's worth understanding why VPNs exist in the first place. They're not invented by privacy activists trying to circumvent laws. They're legitimate security infrastructure.

Corporations use VPNs to protect employee data when workers connect from coffee shops or home offices. Employees accessing sensitive company networks need encryption to prevent hackers from intercepting their credentials.

Journalists use VPNs to protect sources and hide their research from authoritarian governments. In countries with restrictive internet censorship, VPNs are the only way to access free information.

Activists and political dissidents use VPNs to organize and communicate safely in places where government surveillance is the norm.

Regular people use VPNs because they value privacy. Your internet service provider can see every website you visit. Hackers on public Wi-Fi can intercept your traffic. A VPN adds a layer of protection against both.

The technology itself is neutral. It's used for legitimate purposes by millions of people, including corporate security professionals and government employees.

Wisconsin's bill, if enacted, would make it illegal for websites to allow any of these uses. That's the scope of what's being proposed.

Estimated data shows that corporate employees and the general public would be the most affected by a VPN ban, highlighting the broad impact on legitimate VPN uses.

The Legislative Landscape: Why Wisconsin Is Taking This Approach

Wisconsin isn't acting in a vacuum. Multiple states have proposed age verification requirements for adult content. The reasoning is straightforward: the current system, relying on self-regulation and user honesty, clearly doesn't work.

Research from Pew Research Center shows that children readily find adult content online, often accidentally. Some states see age verification as a reasonable middle ground between doing nothing and creating massive surveillance infrastructure.

But the question of how to verify age without creating privacy violations is genuinely hard. Wisconsin decided to copy approaches used by other countries.

Canada has experimented with age verification for certain services. The United Kingdom has proposed similar requirements, though they've been delayed repeatedly due to implementation challenges. Australia attempted mandatory age verification for pornography access—that effort largely collapsed after it became clear the technical and privacy problems were insurmountable.

Wisconsin lawmakers apparently didn't study those failures carefully enough.

The VPN provision specifically seems to stem from a misunderstanding of how enforcement would work. The logic appears to be: "If we ban VPNs, people can't use them to bypass age verification." But this conflates location-masking with age-falsification. Those are different problems.

You can use a VPN while being above the legal age. VPN bans don't actually solve age verification. They just punish privacy-conscious users.

The EFF's Specific Objections: A Deep Dive into the Legal Issues

The Electronic Frontier Foundation published detailed analysis of Wisconsin's bill, and the objections are comprehensive.

First, the EFF flagged the fact that VPN blocking provisions assume VPNs are inherently nefarious. They're not. They're security tools used legitimately by millions.

Second, the bill fails to account for the collateral damage of enforcement. Blocking all VPN traffic doesn't just affect people trying to access adult content anonymously. It blocks:

• Remote workers accessing corporate systems
• Travelers securely connecting to home networks
• People in oppressive countries accessing free information
• Users protecting themselves from ISP surveillance
• Anyone using enterprise software with built-in encryption

Third, the EFF pointed out that the bill creates impossible compliance requirements for websites. How would a porn site realistically detect all VPN usage? They'd have to:

1. Maintain a constantly updated list of VPN IP ranges (impossible, as noted above)
2. Use behavioral analysis to detect suspicious patterns (ineffective and prone to false positives)
3. Block entire IP ranges that might be VPNs but also might be legitimate users (blocking innocent people)

These approaches either fail to detect most VPN usage or accidentally block legitimate users en masse.

Fourth, the EFF raised constitutional concerns. First Amendment protections for online privacy and anonymity are murky but real. Wisconsin might face legal challenges on speech grounds.

Fifth, there are statutory interpretation problems. The bill's language is vague about what counts as a VPN, how sites should detect them, and what penalties apply to non-compliance. Websites would have no clear way to comply.

Sixth, there's a due process angle. The bill appears to require websites to block entire categories of users without individual assessment. That's potentially unconstitutional depending on how courts interpret it.

The Broader Privacy Concerns: State Surveillance vs. Personal Privacy

Beyond the technical and legal problems, Wisconsin's bill raises alarming privacy questions.

Age verification systems require some entity to verify age. Someone has to know that you, specifically, are an adult. How?

Some systems use driver's license scans. Others require you to upload ID photos. Some use third-party verification services that check government databases. All of these approaches create data trails.

Now someone—a company, a government database, a verification service—has a record linking you to adult content access. That data can be hacked, subpoenaed, sold, or misused.

Wisconsin's bill doesn't detail how age verification would work. That's a problem. Without clear privacy protections, the enforcement mechanism could become a tracking system.

Compare this to the original purpose: protecting children from adult content. An age verification system that creates comprehensive records of adult content consumption doesn't protect children. It surveils adults.

The EFF and similar organizations argue that better approaches exist: parental controls built into browsers and devices, education about internet safety, and manufacturer-level filters that don't require central surveillance infrastructure.

Age verification laws face significant technical and privacy challenges, leading to low implementation success. Estimated data based on narrative insights.

How Similar Laws Have Failed Elsewhere

Wisconsin isn't pioneering this approach. Other jurisdictions tried age verification and learned hard lessons.

Australia's porn age verification attempt (2023-2024): The government proposed requiring age verification for pornography access. The plan required users to provide identification through a third party. Privacy advocates immediately pointed out the surveillance risks. Pornography companies said enforcement was technically impossible. The proposal was repeatedly delayed and ultimately abandoned as impractical.

The UK Online Safety Bill provisions (2023-ongoing): The UK proposed age verification for age-restricted content, but the implementation was delayed multiple times. Regulators acknowledged the technical challenges and privacy implications. The bill's provisions remain underdeveloped.

Germany's Netz DG law (Network Enforcement Law): While not specifically about age verification, Germany created content moderation requirements that platforms found technically impossible to fully comply with. The law created perverse incentives where platforms over-removed content to stay safe legally. Experts view it as a cautionary tale about regulation outpacing technical reality.

Canada's age verification experiments: Some Canadian provinces tried age verification approaches. Uptake was low due to privacy concerns and technical friction. Compliance from small websites was nearly impossible.

The pattern is consistent: age verification sounds good in legislative sessions. Implementation reveals technical and privacy problems that make the laws either unenforceable or more privacy-invasive than the original problem.

The Practical Impact on Wisconsin Residents

If Wisconsin's bill passes without modification, here's what actually happens:

For VPN users: Using a VPN for legitimate purposes becomes legally risky. Remote workers, privacy-conscious users, and travelers face potential legal consequences just for using standard security tools. Your employer's VPN might technically violate Wisconsin law if the employer is a website hosting age-restricted content.

For websites: Compliance becomes a nightmare. Major platforms like Reddit, Twitter, and news sites with age-restricted articles would need to implement VPN detection. They'd either over-block (accidentally blocking legitimate users) or under-block (violating the law). Startups and small sites couldn't afford sophisticated detection systems.

For privacy generally: The bill establishes a precedent that states can dictate which security tools residents can use. If Wisconsin can ban VPNs, what's next? Encryption? Proxy services? The precedent is dangerous.

For children: Here's the irony: VPN bans don't actually protect children from adult content. They punish privacy-conscious users. Children determined to access adult content will find ways around any technical restriction. The bill doesn't address that core problem.

For cybersecurity: Corporate security degrades. Employees accessing sensitive systems from public networks rely on VPNs. Making VPNs legally risky creates pressure to avoid using proper security measures. This actually makes corporate networks less secure.

The Amendment Problem: What Would Make This Better?

The bill isn't necessarily beyond repair. Changes could make it technically workable and less privacy-invasive.

Remove the VPN ban entirely. Keep age verification requirements if lawmakers believe they're necessary, but don't mandate VPN blocking. Age verification and VPN blocking are separate issues.

Define technical requirements more carefully. If age verification remains, be specific about what counts as acceptable verification, what privacy protections are required, and how data should be handled. Don't leave websites guessing.

Add privacy protections. Any age verification system should require encryption, regular deletion of verification records, and strong restrictions on data sharing. Age verification shouldn't become a surveillance system.

Phase in compliance carefully. Give websites time to implement systems. A six-month or one-year grace period would help small sites figure out solutions rather than immediately breaking their businesses.

Create safe harbors. Allow websites to comply through third-party verification services with strict privacy standards. This creates a market for privacy-respecting solutions.

Exempt legitimate uses. VPN traffic from corporate networks, remote work services, and cloud infrastructure should have explicit exemptions.

Without these changes, the bill is unworkable.

Digital rights advocates propose various alternatives to Wisconsin's bill, with education and transparency rated as the most effective approach. (Estimated data)

Industry Response and Coalition Building

When Wisconsin's bill surfaced, it didn't take long for digital rights groups to mobilize.

The EFF published detailed analysis. The ACLU raised constitutional concerns. Internet infrastructure organizations pointed out the technical impossibilities. Cybersecurity experts warned about security implications.

But here's what's notable: this coalition includes people who normally disagree. Privacy advocates, tech companies, cybersecurity professionals, and free speech organizations all opposed the bill, but for different reasons.

Privacy groups worry about surveillance. Tech companies worry about compliance costs. Cybersecurity professionals worry about degraded security. Free speech organizations worry about internet freedom.

When all these groups align, it usually means the legislation has serious problems.

Internet infrastructure providers also weighed in. The bill's language could affect DNS services, VPN providers, and cloud infrastructure. Companies providing these services warned that the bill might require them to block entire categories of users or face legal liability.

The Bigger Question: Can States Regulate Internet Infrastructure?

Wisconsin's bill raises a fundamental question about state regulatory power: Can states effectively regulate internet infrastructure that's inherently national and global?

The internet doesn't stop at state lines. Wisconsin can't effectively ban VPN usage because:

• VPN providers are often based outside the US
• VPN companies can change their infrastructure to comply or simply route around Wisconsin
• Internet infrastructure is interconnected globally
• Technologies change faster than legislation

This isn't a Wisconsin problem specifically. It's a structural problem with any state trying to regulate global internet infrastructure unilaterally.

Federal regulation has the same problem, but at least it can theoretically enforce against major companies. States acting alone create fragmented, impossible-to-comply-with regulations.

If every state passed different VPN laws, the internet would fracture. No company could realistically comply with 50 different, conflicting rules.

Constitutional and First Amendment Implications

Wisconsin's bill has potential constitutional problems beyond the technical issues.

First Amendment jurisprudence increasingly recognizes that internet anonymity and privacy have constitutional dimensions. Cases involving Supreme Court precedent suggest that people have some constitutional right to access information and communicate anonymously online.

If Wisconsin's VPN ban violates that right, the bill could be struck down as unconstitutional. Whether courts would agree is an open question, but it's a real legal risk.

There's also a due process concern. The bill appears to require websites to block entire categories of users (VPN users) without individual assessment. That might violate due process requirements for tailored restrictions.

And there's a Commerce Clause issue. Can a state regulate interstate internet commerce this way? Probably not—federal Commerce Clause doctrine suggests states can't create unduly burdensome regulations on interstate commerce. Wisconsin can't dictate internet policy for companies serving multiple states.

A well-funded legal challenge could defeat the bill before it even takes effect. But the bill still has to pass first.

Estimated data shows that VPN blocking could significantly impact remote workers and privacy-conscious users, each constituting 25% of affected groups.

What Digital Rights Advocates Are Proposing Instead

Opponents of Wisconsin's bill aren't just saying "no." They're proposing alternatives.

Device-level controls: Modern operating systems support parental controls and content filters. Apple, Google, and Microsoft all provide tools that parents can use to restrict access to age-inappropriate content. These tools work locally on devices, don't require central surveillance, and actually work better than state mandates.

Browser-level features: Major browsers can implement content filtering and age-gating functionality. This puts control in the hands of parents and users, not governments and centralized systems.

ISP-level filtering: Internet service providers could implement optional filtering at the network level. This isn't new—many ISPs already offer parental controls. Opt-in is key: users who want filtering can enable it, and those who don't can disable it.

Education and transparency: Teaching internet safety to young people is more effective than technical restrictions. Understanding privacy risks, digital literacy, and responsible internet use prevents harmful behavior more than blocking can.

Industry self-regulation: Content platforms could implement stronger age verification voluntarily, without government mandates. Pornography companies in particular have incentives to keep minors out (liability, reputation) and technical expertise to implement effective systems.

Targeted enforcement: Rather than broad bans, focus on illegal content. If the real concern is child sexual abuse material, enforce laws against that specifically rather than banning entire categories of tools and services.

These approaches have different trade-offs. None is perfect. But they don't have the technical infeasibility and privacy implications of Wisconsin's proposed law.

The Global Pattern: States Racing to Regulate, Internet Refusing to Cooperate

Wisconsin's bill is part of a broader pattern. States and countries worldwide are racing to regulate the internet. The internet, global and decentralized, is refusing to cooperate.

European countries passed the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), attempting to regulate data usage globally. Tech companies had to comply, but smaller companies from outside the EU still ignore it.

California passed the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Now other states are passing similar laws. The result is regulatory fragmentation: companies in the US now deal with a patchwork of conflicting state privacy laws.

Various countries attempted to regulate cryptocurrency. The cryptocurrency industry largely relocated infrastructure to friendlier jurisdictions.

Countries attempted to regulate social media content. Tech companies developed regional policies for different countries, but the underlying infrastructure remains global.

Wisconsin's VPN ban bill is just another example of this pattern. The state is trying to impose local rules on global infrastructure that doesn't respect boundaries.

This pattern suggests that Wisconsin's bill either won't work technically or will create perverse incentives. Companies will either ignore it (treating it as unenforceable), over-comply in harmful ways (blocking innocent users), or lobby heavily to defeat it.

What Happens Next: The Legislative Process

Wisconsin's bill still needs to move through the legislative process. Several things could happen:

The bill could be defeated. If public opposition builds and legal experts convince legislators that the bill is unworkable, it could die in committee. Wisconsin lawmakers might decide the technical problems are too significant.

The bill could be amended. Legislators could remove the VPN provisions, add privacy protections, or define technical requirements more clearly. This is the most likely positive outcome.

The bill could pass as-is. Wisconsin could enact the law despite the problems. This would likely trigger immediate legal challenges and implementation chaos.

The bill could become a template. If Wisconsin passes it, other states might copy it, creating the fragmented regulatory disaster described above.

Digital rights advocates are focused on stopping the bill or forcing major amendments. The strategy involves:

1. Technical education: Explaining to legislators exactly why VPN bans are unworkable
2. Legal arguments: Raising constitutional concerns with lawyers and judges
3. Coalition building: Getting diverse groups to oppose the bill
4. Media attention: Making sure Wisconsin voters understand what's at stake
5. Proposing alternatives: Offering better solutions that actually work

The bill's fate remains uncertain, but the EFF's intervention signals that major players are watching and will fight if necessary.

The Bigger Lesson: Why Technical Literacy Matters in Legislation

Wisconsin's bill ultimately reflects a broader problem: legislators making technology policy without understanding how technology works.

VPN bans sound reasonable if you think VPNs are simple tools that can be detected and blocked like anything else. But understanding that VPNs are encryption infrastructure, that blocking them is technically impossible at scale, and that collateral damage would be massive requires technical knowledge most legislators don't have.

This is fixable. States can hire technical experts, consult with industry, and test policy proposals before enacting them. Some states do this. Wisconsin apparently didn't.

The lesson for tech-related legislation everywhere: get technical experts in the room before drafting bills. Test assumptions. Consider unintended consequences. Talk to people implementing the technology.

Wisconsin's bill is a cautionary tale that will probably be cited in future policy discussions. Whether legislators learn from it remains to be seen.

FAQ

What is Wisconsin's age verification bill?

Wisconsin's proposed legislation aims to require websites hosting adult content to verify that visitors are genuinely adults before granting access. The bill includes controversial provisions that would ban VPN usage, which digital rights experts argue is technically impossible to enforce and threatens privacy for legitimate VPN users.

Why are digital rights advocates calling the bill "spectacularly bad"?

The Electronic Frontier Foundation and other advocates oppose the bill primarily because the VPN ban provisions are technically infeasible. VPN providers constantly change their IP addresses, sophisticated VPNs disguise themselves as regular traffic, and blocking VPN usage would accidentally block legitimate services like corporate remote access, cloud infrastructure, and encrypted communications tools that aren't VPNs at all.

How would Wisconsin enforce a VPN ban?

Enforcement would require websites to detect and block VPN usage. This is technically impossible at scale because VPNs use encryption that masks their identity, rotate IP addresses constantly, and can tunnel through legitimate network infrastructure. Maintaining an accurate blocklist is impractical, and detection methods would either miss most VPN traffic or accidentally block innocent users.

What legitimate uses of VPNs would be affected?

VPN bans would impact corporate employees accessing company networks from home, travelers protecting their data on public Wi-Fi, journalists protecting sources, activists in oppressive countries accessing free information, and regular people protecting themselves from ISP surveillance. The bill doesn't distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate VPN uses.

Has any state or country successfully implemented similar age verification laws?

No. Australia's attempt at mandatory age verification for pornography was delayed multiple times and ultimately abandoned due to technical infeasibility and privacy concerns. The UK's Online Safety Bill provisions remain underdeveloped after years of implementation challenges. Germany's content moderation law created compliance nightmares. The consistent pattern shows that age verification laws face insurmountable technical obstacles.

What are better alternatives to Wisconsin's approach?

Digital rights advocates propose device-level parental controls (built into operating systems), browser-level content filtering, optional ISP filtering, internet safety education, voluntary industry self-regulation, and targeted enforcement against illegal content rather than broad bans. These approaches address the underlying concern without requiring state-mandated VPN bans or invasive surveillance systems.

Could Wisconsin's bill face legal challenges?

Yes. The bill potentially violates First Amendment rights to anonymous internet access, due process requirements for tailored restrictions, and Commerce Clause limitations on state regulation of interstate commerce. A well-funded legal challenge could defeat the bill or force significant amendments. Constitutional scholars have raised serious concerns about the bill's viability.

How would small websites comply with the bill?

Small websites likely couldn't comply. Maintaining updated VPN IP blocklists, implementing sophisticated detection systems, and managing compliance requires resources that small companies don't have. Large platforms might develop technical solutions, but the compliance burden would be enormous across the board, and effective compliance would be nearly impossible regardless of resources spent.

Looking Forward: What You Should Know

Wisconsin's VPN ban bill isn't law yet. It remains in the legislative process, where it faces significant opposition from technical experts, legal scholars, digital rights organizations, and industry voices.

But the bill's existence matters. It signals that some policymakers are willing to propose technically impossible and privacy-invasive solutions to real problems. As the internet increasingly becomes a policy battleground, more such proposals will emerge.

Understanding why these proposals fail is important. VPN bans don't work because you can't effectively regulate encryption and privacy technology at the state level. Age verification systems create surveillance infrastructure that causes more problems than the original issue. And any restriction that sounds simple usually involves technical complexity that makes it unworkable.

The good news is that opposition is building. When digital rights organizations, tech companies, legal experts, and cybersecurity professionals align against legislation, it usually signals real problems. Wisconsin lawmakers should listen to these warnings.

The bill's fate will likely determine whether Wisconsin becomes a cautionary tale or a trendsetter. If defeated, other states might learn from its failures. If passed, Wisconsin might trigger a legal battle that clarifies internet law for the entire country.

Either way, the debate over how to protect children online while preserving privacy and internet freedom will continue. Wisconsin's bill demonstrates that simply banning tools like VPNs isn't the answer. Better solutions exist. Legislators just need the technical literacy and humility to find them.

For everyone who values internet privacy and freedom, paying attention to bills like Wisconsin's is crucial. These proposals affect everyone, not just Wisconsin residents, because internet policy in one state can influence policy everywhere. Stay informed, support organizations fighting for digital rights, and speak up when bad policies emerge.

The internet's future depends on people who understand that good intentions and technically impossible mandates don't mix.

Key Takeaways

• Wisconsin's proposed age verification bill includes provisions to ban VPN usage that are technically impossible to enforce at scale
• VPN detection requires maintaining updated IP blocklists, but VPN providers constantly rotate addresses and sophisticated VPNs disguise themselves as regular traffic
• Legitimate VPN users including remote workers, journalists, activists, and privacy-conscious citizens would be harmed by the bill
• Multiple countries including Australia, the UK, and Canada have attempted similar age verification laws and abandoned them due to implementation failure
• The Electronic Frontier Foundation and a coalition of digital rights, legal, and tech industry experts oppose the bill as technically unworkable and privacy-invasive

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